分词也是动词的另一种非谓语形式,有-ing形式与-ed形式两种。由于前面已经讲过动名词,这种形式跟-ing是一样的,所以这讲,着重讲解-ed分词。
-ed分词即我们平常所说的动词过去分词。它有两种形式:规则动词形式和不规则动词形式。规则动词形式由规则动词+-ED构成;不规则动词有其特殊的-ED分词。在语法功能上,它在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同,可以作表语,定语,状语,也可以用在复合结构中,不管它作什么成分,其最基本的含义是“被动”的。-ED分词在语法功能和意义上与-ing分词有一定的区别。
一、-ed分词作表语
过去分词作表语一般用来表示感受、状态(系词+分词)。如:
We were very interested in the novel she gave us yesterday.
我们对她昨天给我们的小说非常感兴趣。
She was quite frightened by the sudden noise outside the door.
她被门外突然的吵闹声吓住了。
可以用作表语的常见过去分词有:
amazed, amused, astonished, broken, closed, completed, confused, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, excited, experienced, faded, frightened, hurt, interested, known, learned, lost, married, pleased, puzzled, qualified, satisfied, surprised, tired, unprepared, unknown, upset, worried等。
二、作定语的-ed分词
-ed分词可以作前置定语也可以作后置定语,作后置定语时相当于一个定语从句。
1.-ed分词可以作前置定语,此时,分词与名词之间有两种语义关系:一种是分词表示主动意义;一种是分词表示被动意义。如:
He is a retired worker.
他是一个退休工人。
This is a newly-developed device.
这是一个新开发的工具。
2.-ed分词作后置定语时,其功能相当于一个定语从句。如:
She likes to drink cold boiled water.
他喜欢喝凉白开。
They were inspecting the houses damaged by the storm.
他们正在视察被暴风雨毁坏的房屋。
1) Commercial banks make most of their income from ______ interest on loans and investments in stocks and bonds.
[A] earn
[B] earned
[C] to earn
[D] was earned
解析:B为正确答案。空档前是一完整的句子,在没有连词的情况下,不能填充A和D;根据题意,“利息”是“通过…(被)挣来的”,有被动之意,所以选B。
2) On his return from his _______ college, he found the house.
[A] deserting
[B] deserted
[C] desert
[D] to be deserted
解析:B为正确答案。此句的意思是“房子”被“遗弃,没人住”,是被动的意义,而A和C都不符合这一点。D是动词不定式,一般表示将来或具体动作,所以D也不对。
3) 改错:The age [A] of a geological sample can be estimated [B] from the ratio of radioactive to nonradioactive carbon present [C] in the object is examined [D].
解析:D错。应去掉多余的“is”,使-ED分词“examined”作后置定语修饰“object”。C处并没有错。“present”是形容词,它与后面的成分构成形容词短语修饰限定前面的“the ratio...carbon”。
三、用作状语的-ED分词
这样的-ed分词通常来自及物动词。-ed分词用作状语时,跟-ing分词作状语时一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间,条件,原因,伴随状况等。-ed分词结构作状语,前边往往可以加when, while, if, as if, though。这时,我们可以把-ed分词结构理解为一个省略句,即省去了“主语和be的变化形式”。一般说来,这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致。
1. 表示时间
4) Inaugurated a second time on March 4, 1901, ______focused on domestic rather than oreign policies.
[A] William McKinley's new term looked forward to and
[B] the new term looked forward to William McKinley and
[C] looking forward to a new term was William McKinley
[D] William McKinley looked forward to a new term
解析:D为正确答案。这句话前半句的-ed分词相当于一个时间状语从句“When he was inaugurated a second time …”,主句的主语应当是人,所以A和D为可能选项,但A中的look forward to后应跟名词,那么只有D为正确选项。
2. 表示条件
5) ________under a microscope, a fresh snowflake has a delicate six pointed shape.[A] Seen
[B] Sees
[C] Seeing
[D] To see
解析:A为正确答案。本句的意思是“在显微镜下看,雪花……”,显然这里的看是“被观察”之义。B、C、D都表示主动,A为正确选项。
-ed分词作状语跟-ing作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当于状语从句,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。
1.表示时间
Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion.
从远处看,这座山脉象一头狮子。
2.表示原因
Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word.
由于受到不公平的批评,她默默地离开了办公室。
3.表示条件
Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well.
如果每天浇一次水,这花会长得很好。
4.表示伴随状况
He stood there, fascinated by the singing.
他站在那儿,被歌声所吸引。
在句子深层结构中,-ed分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果-ed分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致,-ed分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/without等引导的介词短语表达出来。如:
The question settled, they left for home.
问题解决了,他们就回家了。
With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a good suggestion.
统观全局,我们认为这是一个好的提议。
6) __________ to steel, chromium(铬) increases the metal's hardness.
[A] Added
[B] In addition
[C] Adding
[D] Adds
解析:A为正确答案。(同上)
7) __________ enough food and water, they could have beaten the enemy.
[A] Being given
[B] Given
[C] Give
[D] To give
解析:B为正确答案。(同上)
3. 表示原因
8) Encouraged by his mother, ________________________.
[A] art was studied in Florence by John Singer Sargent
[B] Florence was where John Singer Sargent studied art
[C] the study of art in Florence by John Singer Sargent
[D] John Singer Sargent studied art in Florence.
解析:D为正确答案。四个选项中,只有D的主语为“John Singer Sargent”(人名) ,而只有人才能被“encouraged”(鼓舞),也就是说,只有D中的主语能充当空白前-ED分词短语的逻辑主语。
9) __________ by the decision, the lawyer quickly left the court room.
[A] Angering
[B] Having angered
[C] Being angry
[D] Angered
解析:D为正确答案。空白处只能用-ED分词才可和后面的“by”短语发生联系,并且其逻辑主语和主句主语一致。
10) Written in great haste, ____________________.
[A] Jim made a lot of mistakes in the report
[B] there are plenty of errors in the report
[C] we found several mistakes in his report
[D] the books is full of errors.
解析:D为正确答案。本句的意思是“由于(被)写得急,……”,所以A和C不对。虽然B中的主语“plenty of errors”与“written”逻辑上可以呼应,但与“in the great haste”不一致。 “Written in great haste”的逻辑主语还是“the books”。所以D正确。
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