高考英语阅读理解题的特点及解题技巧

　　Which of the following is true about the working class?

　　A. They are often employed as skilled and semi-skilled workers.

　　B. They are often offered jobs with high incomes.

　　C. They are often considered lazy and dishonest.

　　D. They are often exploited by the public.

　　此题为事实细节题，可以采用排除法。由文章第一段第一、二句 "Members of the working class have blue-collar jobs. They are construction workers, truck drivers, mechanics, steel workers, electricians, and the like." 可知，蓝领阶层的薪水不高这个事实，据此先排除B项；由第一段最后一句"They consider themselves to be respectable and hard working and they look down upon members of the 'lower' class, whom they often consider to be lazy, dishonest, and too ready to exploit public assistance."可知，蓝领阶层是受人尊敬的、勤劳的群体，他们看不起那些懒惰、欺诈别人、依靠别人捐款生活的阶层，故排除C、D两项，正确答案为A项。

　　2. 定位法与跳读法

　　定位法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息直接从原文中找到相应的句子(即定位)，然后进行比较和分析(尤其要注意一些同义转换)，从而找出正确答案。跳读法即根据题干和选项所提供的信息跳读原文，并找到相关的句子(有时可能是几个句子) 或段落，然后进行分析和推理等，从而找出正确答案。请看2006年湖南卷第71题：

　　…When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as Partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art. With great effort and serious judgment, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture.

　　The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag _____________.

　　A. was a symbol of American cultural life

　　B. developed world literature，film and art

　　C. published many essays about world culture

　　D. kept pace with the newest development of world culture

　　解答本题可以用定位法。与题干意思相近的句子是上一句"she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life，trying hard to follow every new development in literature, film and art"。许多考生误选了A项，他们忽略了原文中出现的"appeared as"，意为"似乎，好像"，增加了句意的不确定性。故D项为最佳答案。

　　3. 画图与列表法

　　画图法就是以时间、地点、事件或因果等为线索，找出关键词语，勾画出一幅完整、清晰的关于文章主题和细节的图示的方法。请看2006年浙江卷第48题：

　　How is the text organized?

　　A. In order of time. B. In order of frequency.

　　C. In order of preference. D. In order of importance.

　　在解答此题时考生只要列一个表 (见下表)，按短文叙事的顺序展开故事发展的过程，正确答案就会一目了然。

　　Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Paragraph 4

　　look into the mirror have breakfast prepare children's trip to space drive the car to work

另外，有些文章的信息点可能较为分散，涉及的内容比较多，此时考生若能恰当运用列

　　表的方法也会将难题化解。请看2006年安徽卷第61题：

　　What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both________.

　　A. popular all their fives B. famous actresses

　　C. successful when very young D. rich and kind-hearted

　　根据文章内容，考生可以列出以下四个相同的信息点(见下表)：

　　Information 1 When she started in National Velvet--the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous home race. (短文首句)

　　Information 2 Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress. (第一段末句)

　　Information 3 After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult roles and won twice for Best Actress. (第二段)

　　Information 4 Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky: she has beauty, fame and wealth. (末段第二句)

　　Conclusion They were both successful when very young.

　　通过此表，考生可以清楚地得出本题的答案为C项。

　　4. 概括法与推理法

　　概括法指根据所读材料概括文章主题、要点、标题和中心思想等；而推理法则指根据所读材料的字面意思，通过语篇的逻辑关系以及各个细节的信息和暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，悟出作者的言外之意和弦外之音。考生在运用推理法时首先要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索；然后再对文字的表面信息进行挖掘和加工，由表及里，由浅人深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到一般，通过分析、综合和判断等思维活动对文章进行深层处理以及合乎逻辑的推理。此时切忌就事论事、以偏概全，也不能主观臆想、随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。请看2006年浙江卷第55题：

　　According to White, why were the women surveyed more likely to use old computers?

　　A. Most office workers use old computers.

　　B. They do some of their work with computers.

　　C. Dealing with new equipment can cause anxiety.

　　D. They are easier to be satisfied with new technology.

　　文章最后两段提到，接受调查的三个国家的妇女更有可能使用旧电脑，而英国比法国和德国使用up-to-date computers的人更多，最后一段分析了其中的原因"continually having to deal with new technology can also be a source of worry…the frequent change of equipment is also, or could be，a main cause of dissatisfaction"。由此可以推断，不断更新的技术也会使人产生焦虑，导致负面情绪的产生，所以被调查的妇女更喜欢使用旧电脑。

　　5. 常识法与背景法

　　常识法是考生利用已有的常识进行识别和判断的方法。背景法与常识法相似，指考生充分运用所读材料的信息答题。请看2006年安徽卷第69题：

　　To cover a small piece of burning wood with a basin in order to stop the fire is all example of____________.

　　A. separating the fire B. reducing the heat

　　C. removing the fuel D. cutting off the oxygen

　　本题为一道常识题，考生根据自己学过的化学知识可知，燃烧要具备三要素：可燃物、氧气和温度，这有助于理解第二段首句"Since fuel, oxygen and heat must be present in order for fire to exist, one or more of these things must be removed or reduced to extinguish a fire"的意思；另外，通过第三段内容"Another method of extinguishing fire is by cutting off the oxygen. This is usually done by covering the fire with sand, steam or some other things."可以推断出：用cover的方法来灭火属于cutting off the oxygen的范畴。

　　四、备考建议

　　1. 理解与速度

　　考生要处理好理解与速度的关系。答题时要力求情绪平稳，不要一味追求速度而影响理解的准确性；不要拘泥于一词一句的理解；不要遇到不懂的地方就反复读，影响阅读速度。比较好的阅读方法是边看边想边理解。遇到生词或看不懂的地方先做个记号，继续看下去，因为一些疑难点往往会在下文中得到解决。

　　关于阅读速度，难度中等的文章应为每分钟60个单词左右；难度较低、生词不超过总词汇量20％的材料，阅读速度应为每分钟70个单词左右。一般来说，"超纲"而又影响阅读理解的词汇都会用中文标出词义。只有保证了阅读的速度才有可能在规定时间内完成阅读、复读及答题的任务。

　　2. 阅读训练方式

　　在训练方式方面要力求多样化。常见的阅读训练方式有：掠读、寻读、精读和泛读等。在掠读、寻读时要掌握查阅的技巧。查阅时考生应迅速找到某一特定信息在短文中的位置，并以这个位置为中心，扩展到上文和下文，寻求正确答案。考生要学会用扫视的方法寻找信息。扫视时，眼睛要纵向而不是横向移动。运用扫视来扩大视觉范围能帮助考生又快又准确地捕捉到想要查找的信息。

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