高三英语知识点：疑问词+ever与no matter+疑问词

　　“疑问词 + ever”是近年来高考英语的一个考查热点，在各版本的中学英语教材中出现频率较高，而且是学生理解和掌握的一个难点。从不同角度论述这方面内容的文章很多，本文试图别辟蹊径，简单明了地归纳讲解这一问题。

　　“疑问词 + ever ”可分为两类，“疑问代词 + ever ”： whatever / whichever / whoever (宾格 whomever )和“疑问副词 + ever ”： wherever / whenever / however.

　　不论是“疑问代词 + ever ”还是“疑问副词 + ever ”，其意义都是“不管 / 无论 + 该疑问词的本义”。

　　1. “疑问代词 + ever”可引导两种类型的从句，即让步状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句)。

　　(1)引导让步状语从句。此时 whatever / whoever / whichever 分别等于“ no matter + what / who / which”。例如：

　　Whatever happened， he wouldn't say a word. = No matter what happened， he wouldn't say a word.

　　Whoever says so， it is wrong. = No matter who says so， it is wrong.

　　Whichever dictionary you (may) take， you will have to pay at least 20 dollars. = No matter which dictionary you (may) take， you will have to pay at least 20 dollars.

　　注意：这类从句中应用一般现在时表将来，从句中也常用情态动词 may / might .

　　(2)引导名词性从句。例如：

　　Whoever smokes here will be punished. (主语从句)

　　Beggars will eat whatever they are given. (宾语从句)

　　Whichever he likes will be given to him. (主语从句)

　　You may invite whoever / whomever you like. (常用 whoever 代替 whomever)

　　此时它们都不能换成“ no matter + 疑问词”的形式，但 whoever 等于 anyone who， whatever 等于 anything that.

　　2. “疑问副词 +ever ”： wherever / whenever / however 一般只能引导一种类型的从句，即让步状语从句，此时它们分别等于“ no matter + where / when / how ”。例如：

　　Wherever he goes (may go). I'll follow him. = No matter where he goes (may go)，I'll follow him.

　　Whenever I wisited him， he was always busy working. = No matter when I visited him， he was always busy working.

　　However late he is， his mother will wait for him to have dinner together. = No matter how late he is， his mother will wait for him to have dinner together.

　　注意：当 however 用作连接副词时也可引导名词性从句，而 whenever/ wherever 则不能引导名词性从句。例如：

　　I'll give you however much money you need. (宾语从句，此时 however 不能改成 no matter how )。

　　3. 另外， whatever / whichever / whoever 与 whenever / wherever /???? however 分别可相当于 what / which / who 与 when / where / how 的强调式，引起的特殊疑问句往往是简单句，与原疑问词的意思、用法完全相同，只是表达的语气更为强烈，翻译时可加上“到底;究竟”等。例如：

　　What(ever) are you doing ? 你(到底)在干什么?

　　Which(ever) do you want to buy ? 你(究竟)要买哪一个?

　　Who(ever) told you such a foolish story? (究竟)是谁讲给你这么蠢的事?

　　When(ever) can I enjoy a long vacation? (究竟)什么时候才能给我放个长假呢?

　　Where(ever) did you leave your dictionary? 你(究竟)把词典放哪儿了?

　　How(ever) did you collect so much money? 你(到底)是怎样筹到这么多钱的?