7. and so forth [= and so on = and the like]（等等）
They discussed literature, philosophy, history, and so forth.
8. lead（过；度）
After his father's death, he led a life of poverty for several years.
9. on the contrary（相反地）
I thought it was going to clear up. On the contrary, it began to rain.
10. get back [= return ]（回到）
They have got back to Taipei.
11 . primitive（原始的）
Primitive man made himself primitive tools from sharp stones and animal bones.
12. pass down [= hand down]（流传）
This custom has been passed down since the 17th century.
13. indispensable（不可缺少的）
Air is indispensable to life.
二、语法句型解析：
1. A is to B what C is to D. = A is to B as C is to D. = As C is to D,
so is A to B. = What C is to D, A is to B.
（A之于B就如同C之于D）
Reading is to the mind as food is to the body.
2. It + be + 表强调的词语 + that ......
It was not until yesterday that I knew he had gone to America.
3. enable + 宾语 + to-V（动词原形）（使能够）
The internet enables us to gain the latest information.
4.Were it not for ….. = If it were not for….. = But for….. = Without
…
[假设语气用法]（如果沒有…的话）
Were it not for you, I would lose my way.
5. The + 比较级…, the + 比较级…（越…，就越…）
The harder you work, the more you gain.
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